Preliminary phytochemical examination of ethanolic extract of some hepatoprotective medicinal plant leaves from Chakdaha, Nadia, West Bengal, India
Keywords:
Medicinal plants, Phytochemicals, Azadirachta indica, Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos, Vitex negundo, extraction, Phytochemical screeningAbstract
Nature is the source of outstanding multiple natural compounds with interesting pharmacological activities that are useful in curing our various ailments. Medicinal plants have various biochemical constituents or phytochemicals that are used to treat various communicable and non-communicable diseases. These biochemical constituents or phytochemicals are classified as primary and secondary constituents. Primary constituents or primary plant metabolites are chlorophyll, proteins, sugar and amino acids, phytosterols, acyl lipids, nucleotides, organic acids, etc. Secondary constituents contain unusual amino acids, polyamines, phenolic compounds, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, lignins, cyanogenic glycosides, glucosinolates, tannins, betalains terpenoids, etc. The present study involves four different medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Andrographis paniculata, Aegle marmelos & Vitex negundo locally available in West Bengal Chakdaha, Nadia and which are collectively used to prepare a good ayurvedic liver tonic due to their hepatoprotective activities. The leaves of the selected medicinal plants were washed, air-dried and then powdered. The ethanolic extracts of leaf samples were used for the phytochemical examination to find out the phytochemical constituents in the plants. The main objective of the research work was to find out what are the phytochemicals present in the selected plant parts. The results of the phytochemical analysis of these medicinal plants showed that the terpenoids, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, glycoside, proteins, saponin, triterpenoids, sterols and phenolic compounds were found to be present in them. The phytochemical examination of the plants is very important and cost-effective in pharmaceutical companies for the formulations of new drugs or dosage forms for the treatment and prevention of many diseases. It is predicted that the major phytochemical properties identified by our study in the indigenous medicinal plants of west Bengal will be very useful in the curing of various diseases of this region.
References
Firenzuoli F, Gori L. Herbal medicine today: clinical and research issues. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 4(Suppl 1), 37-40 (2007)
Patwardhan B, Vaidya ADB, Chorghade M. Ayurveda and natural products drug discovery. Current Science 86(6), 789-799 (2004)
Kamboj VP. Herbal medicine. Current Science 78, 35-37 (2000)
Mishra BB, Tiwari VK. Natural products an evolving role in future drug discovery. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 46(10), 4769-4807 (2011)
Farnsworth NR, Akerele O, Bingle AS, Soejarto DD, Guo Z. Medicinal plants in therapy. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 63, 965-981 (1985)
Singh JS. The biodiversity crisis: A multifaceted review. Curr Sci. 82(6), 638-47 (2002)
Chattopadhyay RR. A comparative evaluation of some blood sugar lowering agents of plant origin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 84(2-3), 251-254 (2003).
Pradhan SC, Girish C, Hepatoprotective VS. Hepatoprotective herbal drug, silymarin from experimental pharmacology to clinical medicine. Indian Journal of Medical Research 124(5), 491-504 (2006).
Xia YF, Ye BQ, Li YD, Wang JG, He XJ, Lin X, Dai Y. Andrographolide attenuates inflammation by inhibition of NF-?B activation through covalent modification of reduced cysteine 62 of p50. Journal of Immunology 173(6), 4207-4217 (2004)
Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N. Pharmacological aspects of Andrographis paniculata on health and its major diterpenoid constituent andrographolide. Journal of Health Science 54(4), 370-381 (2008).
Singh A, Handa SS, Hepatoprotective SS. Hepatoprotective activity of bael (Aegle marmelos) in carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 33(9), 728-732 (1995)
Singh A, Handa SS, Sharma A. Hepatoprotective activity of Vitex negundo Linn. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 29(10), 812-814 (1991).
Koul O, Wahab S. Neem: Today and in the new millennium. Springer (2019).
Hossain MS, Urbi Z, Sule A, Hafizur Rahman KM. Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees: a review of ethnobotany, phytochemistry, and pharmacology. Scientific World Journal 274905 (2014)
Rahman S, Parvin R. Therapeutic potential of Aegle marmelos (L.)-An overview. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(1), 71–7 (2014)
Kumar S, Pandey AK. Chemistry and biological activities of flavonoids: an overview. Scientific World Journal 29, 162750 (2013)
Kumar RA, Sridevi K, Kumar NV, Nanduri S, Rajagopal S. Anticancer and immunostimulatory compounds from Androgrophis paniculata. J. Ethnopharm 92, 297- 295 (2004)
Bharati KA, Manjunath S. Azadirachta indica (Neem) – A Nature's Weapon to Combat with Disease. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 10(9), 4003-4013 (2019)
Kumar R, Singh AK. Andrographis paniculata (Kalmegh): A Review. Pharmacognosy Journal 10(1), 11-17 (2018)
Singh B, Singh JP, Kaur A, Singh N, Singh N. Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa: a potential source of phytomedicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 6(5), 1559-1563 (2017).
Upadhyay AK, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra HS, Tewari SK. Ethnomedical uses of Nirgundi (Vitex negundo) in districts of Uttaranchal. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 9(1), 162-166 (2010)
Patil S, Patil S. Pharmacological importance of Azadirachta indica (Neem)–a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 8(4), 1576-1583 (2017)
Sheeja K, Kuttan G. Activation of cytotoxic T Lymphocyte responses and attenuation of tumor growth in Vivo by Andrographis paniculata extract and andrographolide. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 32(2), 272-276 (2010).
Bag A, Bhattacharyya SK, Chattopadhyay RR, Chattopadhyay D. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa (Rutaceae) extracts. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary, and Alternative Medicines 10(4), 87-91 (2013)
Ahmad S, Ullah F, Sadiq A, Ayaz S, Ullah F, Ahmad S, Zeb A. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and phytotoxic potential of essential oil from Vitex negundo L. International Journal of Biosciences 9(3), 183-193 (2016).
Alzohairy MA. Therapeutics Role of Azadirachta indica (Neem) and their active constituents in diseases prevention and treatment. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med., 7382506 (2016)
Okhuarobo A, Falodun JE, Erharuyi O, Imieje V, Falodun A, Langer P. Harnessing the medicinal properties of Andrographis paniculata for diseases and beyond: a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Asian Pac J Trop Dis. 4(3), 213–22 (2014)
Hazra SK, Sarkar T, Salauddin M, Sheikh HI, Pati S, Chakraborty R. Characterization of phytochemicals, minerals and in vitro medicinal activities of bael (Aegle marmelos L.) pulp and differently dried edible leathers. Heliyon 6(10), e05382 (2020)
Zheng CJ, Li HQ, Ren SC, Xu CL, Rahman K, Qin LP, Sun YH. Phytochemical and Pharmacological Profile of Vitex negundo. Phytother Res 29, 633-47 (2015)
Mukherjee PK. Quality Control Herbal Drugs. Business Horizons Pharmaceutical Publishers, New Delhi, 1stEdn., 246-379 (2002).
Harborne JB. Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern techniques of Plant analysis. Chapman and Hall, New York, 37-214 (1984).
Hoareau L, Dasilva E. Medicinal plants: a reemerging health aid. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 2(2), 56-70 (1999)
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
In submitting an article to Journal of Applied Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry (JOAPP) I certify that:
- I am authorized by my co-authors to enter into these arrangements.
- I warrant, on behalf of myself and my co-authors, that:
- the article is original, has not been formally published in any other peer-reviewed journal, is not under consideration by any other journal and does not infringe any existing copyright or any other third party rights;
- I am/we are the sole author(s) of the article and have full authority to enter into this agreement and in granting rights to JOAPR are not in breach of any other obligation;
- the article contains nothing that is unlawful, libellous, or which would, if published, constitute a breach of contract or of confidence or of commitment given to secrecy;
- I/we have taken due care to ensure the integrity of the article. To my/our - and currently accepted scientific - knowledge all statements contained in it purporting to be facts are true and any formula or instruction contained in the article will not, if followed accurately, cause any injury, illness or damage to the user.
- I, and all co-authors, agree that the article, if editorially accepted for publication, shall be licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License
- I, and all co-authors, agree that, if the article is editorially accepted for publication in Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Research (JOAPR) data included in the article shall be made available under the Creative Commons 1.0 Public Domain Dedication waiver, unless otherwise stated. For the avoidance of doubt it is stated that sections 1, 2, and 3 of this license agreement shall apply and prevail.
